[Incidence, therapy, and prognosis of prostate cancer in Baden-Württemberg: analysis based on cancer registry data]. / Inzidenz, Behandlung und Prognose des Prostatakarzinoms in Baden-Württemberg: Analyse anhand von Krebsregisterdaten.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common solid tumor in men in Germany. Collection of epidemiological and clinical data has been centralized for several years due to legal requirements via the state cancer registries. Thus, the reporting of diagnosis, therapy, and progression of cancer is obligatory in Germany. These data needs to be processed based on the questions of the treating physicians. OBJECTIVES: Intention of this work was to present the development of new cases, disease stages, treatment procedures and prognosis of PCa in Baden-Württemberg (BW). METHODS: For this purpose, data of the cancer registry BW regarding patients with PCa first diagnosed between 2013 and 2021 were evaluated. The evaluation was performed using descriptive statistics, Χ2 test and Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: A total of 84,347 new diagnoses of PCa were reported. Clinical stage was present in 55.3% of patients. Assignment by International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) groups was present in 75.7%. A steady increase in primary diagnosis was evident through 2019. The proportion of primary metastatic disease decreased (2013: 19.6% vs. 2021: 12.0%), and the proportion of localized tumors increased (2013: 65.5% vs. 2021: 77.1%). Radical prostatectomy (RP) dominated the treatment of localized tumors with a mean of 60.1%. The proportion of robot-assisted surgery increased from 23.7% (2013) to 60.8% (2021) with a decrease in the R1 rate from 34.8 to 26.2%. Progression-free survival correlated closely with tumor stage and ISUP group. CONCLUSION: An increase in PCa cases and a decrease of advanced tumors were observed. Treatment was mostly surgical in localized stages, with increasing proportion of robotic-assisted RP. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for long-term prognosis.

Cyclin A2 Expression as Predictive Biomarker in Muscle-Invasive Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: The aim was to evaluate the prognostic value of altered Cyclin A2 (CCNA2) gene expression in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and to assess its predictive potential as a prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival. METHODS: 62 patients who underwent surgical treatment for UTUC were included. Gene expression of CCNA2, MKI67, and p53 was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. For Cox regression analyses, uni- and multivariable hazard ratios were calculated. Spearman correlation was used to analyze correlation of CCNA2 expression with MKI67 and p53. RESULTS: The median age of the cohort was 73 years, and it consisted of 48 males (77.4%) and 14 females (22.6%). Patients with high CCNA2 expression levels showed longer OS (HR 0.33; 95% CI: 0.15-0.74; p = 0.0073). Multivariable Cox regression analyses identified CCNA2 overexpression (HR 0.37; 95% CI: 0.16-0.85; p = 0.0189) and grading G2 (vs. G3) (HR 0.39; 95% CI: 0.17-0.87; p = 0.0168) to be independent predictors for longer OS. CCNA2 expression correlated positively with MKI67 expression (Rho = 0.4376, p = 0.0005). CONCLUSION: Low CCNA2 expression is significantly associated with worse OS. Thus, CCNA2 might serve as a potential biomarker in muscle-invasive UTUC and may be used to characterize a subset of patients having an unfavorable outcome and for future risk assessment scores.

Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial of Robot-assisted Versus Conventional Open Partial Nephrectomy: The ROBOCOP II Study.

BACKGROUND: There is no evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) and open partial nephrectomy (OPN). OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of trial recruitment and to compare surgical outcomes between RAPN and OPN. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: ROBOCOP II was designed as single-center, open-label, feasibility RCT. Patients with suspected localized renal cell carcinoma referred for PN were randomized at a 1:1 ratio to either RAPN or OPN. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The primary outcome was the feasibility of recruitment, assessed as the accrual rate. Secondary outcomes included perioperative and postoperative data. Data were analyzed descriptively in a modified intention-to-treat population consisting of randomized patients who underwent surgery. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 50 patients underwent RAPN or OPN (accrual rate 65%). In comparison to OPN, RAPN had lower blood loss (OPN 361 ml, standard deviation [SD] 238; RAPN 149 ml, SD 122; difference 212 ml, 95% confidence interval [CI] 105-320; p < 0.001), less need for opioids (OPN 46%; RAPN 16%; difference 30%, 95% CI 5-54; p = 0.024), and fewer complications according to the mean Comprehensive Complication Index (OPN 14, SD 16; RAPN 5, SD 15; difference 9, 95% CI 0-18; p = 0.008). OPN has a shorter operative time (OPN 112 min, SD 29; RAPN 130 min, SD 32; difference -18 min, 95% CI -35 to -1; p = 0.046) and warm ischemia time (OPN 8.7 min, SD 7.1; RAPN 15.4 min, SD 7.0; difference 6.7 min, 95% CI -10.7 to -2.7; p = 0.001). There were no differences between RAPN and OPN regarding postoperative kidney function. CONCLUSIONS: This first RCT comparing OPN and RAPN met the primary outcome of the feasibility of recruitment; however, the window for future RCTs is closing. Each approach has advantages over the other, and both remain safe and effective options. PATIENT SUMMARY: For patients with a kidney tumor, open surgery and robot-assisted keyhole surgery are both feasible and safe approaches for partial removal of the affected kidney. Each approach has known advantages. Long-term follow-up will explore differences in quality of life and cancer control outcomes.

Peritoneal Flap for Lymphocele Prophylaxis Following Robotic-assisted Radical Prostatectomy with Lymph Node Dissection: The Randomised Controlled Phase 3 PELYCAN Trial.

BACKGROUND: Symptomatic lymphoceles (SLCs) after transperitoneal robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) are common. Evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the impact of peritoneal flaps (PFs) on lymphocele (LC) reduction is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To show that addition of PFs leads to a reduction of postoperative SLCs. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: An investigator-initiated, prospective, parallel, double-blinded, adaptive, phase 3 RCT was conducted. Recruitment took place from September 2019 until December 2021; 6-month written survey-based follow-up was recorded. Stratification was carried out according to potential LC risk factors (extended PLND, diabetes mellitus, and anticoagulation) and surgeons; 1:1 block randomisation was used. Surgeons were informed about allocation after completion of the last surgical step. INTERVENTION: To create PFs, the ventral peritoneum was incised bilaterally and fixated to the pelvic floor. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The primary endpoint was SLCs. Secondary endpoints included asymptomatic lymphoceles (ALCs), perioperative parameters, and postoperative complications. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: In total, 860 men were screened and 551 randomised. Significant reductions of SLCs (from 9.1% to 3.7%, p = 0.005) and ALCs (27.2% to 10.3%, p < 0.001) over the follow-up period of 6 mo were observed in the intention-to-treat analysis. Operating time was 11 min longer (p < 0.001) in the intervention group; no significant differences in amount (80 vs 103, p = 0.879) and severity (p = 0.182) of postoperative complications (excluding LCs) were observed. The survey-based follow-up might be a limitation. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest RCT evaluating PF creation for LC prevention and met its primary endpoint, the reduction of SLCs. The results were consistent among all subgroup analyses including ALCs. Owing to the subsequent reduction of burden for patients and the healthcare system, establishing PFs should become the new standard of care. PATIENT SUMMARY: A new technique-creation of bilateral peritoneal flaps-was added to the standard procedure of robotic-assisted prostatectomy for lymph node removal. It was safe and decreased lymphocele development, a common postoperative complication and morbidity. Hence, it should become a standard procedure.

Reinvestigating the clinical relevance of the m6A writer METTL3 in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

METTL3 is the major writer of N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) and has been associated with controversial roles in cancer. This is best illustrated in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB), where METTL3 was described to have both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions. Here, we reinvestigated the role of METTL3 in UCB. METTL3 knockout reduced the oncogenic phenotype and m6A levels of UCB cell lines. However, complete depletion of METTL3/m6A was not achieved due to selection of cells expressing alternative METTL3 isoforms. Systematic vulnerability and inhibitor response analyses suggested that uroepithelial cells depend on METTL3 for viability. Furthermore, expression and survival analyses of clinical data revealed a complex role for METTL3 in UCB, with decreased m6A mRNA levels in UCB tumors. Our results suggest that METTL3 expression may be a suitable diagnostic UCB biomarker, as the enzyme promotes UCB formation. However, the suitability of the enzyme as a therapeutic target should be evaluated carefully.

Lipopolysaccharide Tolerance in Human Primary Monocytes and Polarized Macrophages.

Innate immune memory allows macrophages to adequately respond to pathogens to which they have been pre-exposed. To what extent different pattern recognition receptors, cytokines and resolution signals influence innate immune memory needs further elucidation. The present study assessed whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) tolerance in monocytes and macrophages is affected by these factors. Human CD14+ cells were isolated from peripheral blood, stimulated by LPS and re-stimulated after 3 days of resting. Hereafter, immune-responsive gene 1 (IRG-1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) expression were assessed. Our study revealed the following findings: (1) While pre-stimulation with the Toll-like receptor 4 ligand LPS inhibits the induction of IRG-1, TNF-α and IL-6 expression, pre-stimulation with TLR 1/2 ligands only affects cytokine production but not IRG-1 expression upon subsequent TLR4 engagement. (2) Prior TNF-α stimulation does not affect LPS tolerance but rather increases LPS-mediated cytokine expression. (3) Dimethyl itaconate (DMI) inhibits the expression of IRG-1 in a dose-dependent manner but does not affect TNF-α or IL-6 expression. (4) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) partly inhibits IRG-1 expression in monocytes but not in M(IFNγ) and M(IL-4) polarized macrophages. LPS tolerance is not affected in these cells by DHA. The data presented in this study partly corroborate and extend previous findings on innate immune memory and warrant further studies on LPS tolerance to gain a better understanding of innate immune memory at the molecular level.

Perioperative Outcome of Thulium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate versus Robot-Assisted Simple Prostatectomy: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare clinical safety and efficiency of Thulium laser enucleation of the prostate (ThuLEP) and robot-assisted simple prostatectomy (RASP) for the treatment of large gland benign prostatic hyperplasia in a tertiary care center. METHODS: Perioperative data of 39 patients who underwent RASP in our institution from 2015 to 2021 was collected. Propensity score matching using prostate volume, patient age, and body mass index (BMI) was performed from a database of 1,100 Patients treated by ThuLEP from 2009 to 2021. A total of 76 patients were matched. Preoperative parameters such as BMI, age, and prostate volume, as well as intra- and postoperative parameters such as operation time, resection weight, transfusion rate, postoperative catheterization time, length of hospital stay (LoS), hemoglobin drop, postoperative urinary retention (PUR), Clavien-Dindo Classification (CDC), and the Combined Complication Index (CCI), were evaluated. RESULTS: There was no difference in mean hemoglobin drop (2.2 vs. 1.9 g/dL, p = 0.34), yet endoscopic surgery showed superiority in mean operation time (109 vs. 154 min, p < 0.001), mean postoperative catheterization time (3.3 vs. 7.2 days, p < 0.001), and mean LOS (5.4 vs. 8.4 days, p < 0.001). Complication rates evaluated by CDC (p = 0.11) and CCI (p = 0.89) were similar in both groups. Within the documented complications, transfusion rate (0 vs. 3, p = 0.08) and the occurrence of PUR (1 vs. 2, p = 0.5) showed no significant difference. CONCLUSION: ThuLEP and RASP show similar perioperative efficacy and a low rate of complications. ThuLEP had shorter operation times, shorter catheterization time, and a shorter LoS.

A self-supervised vision transformer to predict survival from histopathology in renal cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To develop and validate an interpretable deep learning model to predict overall and disease-specific survival (OS/DSS) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). METHODS: Digitised haematoxylin and eosin-stained slides from The Cancer Genome Atlas were used as a training set for a vision transformer (ViT) to extract image features with a self-supervised model called DINO (self-distillation with no labels). Extracted features were used in Cox regression models to prognosticate OS and DSS. Kaplan-Meier for univariable evaluation and Cox regression analyses for multivariable evaluation of the DINO-ViT risk groups were performed for prediction of OS and DSS. For validation, a cohort from a tertiary care centre was used. RESULTS: A significant risk stratification was achieved in univariable analysis for OS and DSS in the training (n = 443, log rank test, p < 0.01) and validation set (n = 266, p < 0.01). In multivariable analysis, including age, metastatic status, tumour size and grading, the DINO-ViT risk stratification was a significant predictor for OS (hazard ratio [HR] 3.03; 95%-confidence interval [95%-CI] 2.11-4.35; p < 0.01) and DSS (HR 4.90; 95%-CI 2.78-8.64; p < 0.01) in the training set but only for DSS in the validation set (HR 2.31; 95%-CI 1.15-4.65; p = 0.02). DINO-ViT visualisation showed that features were mainly extracted from nuclei, cytoplasm, and peritumoural stroma, demonstrating good interpretability. CONCLUSION: The DINO-ViT can identify high-risk patients using histological images of ccRCC. This model might improve individual risk-adapted renal cancer therapy in the future.

An m6A-Driven Prognostic Marker Panel for Renal Cell Carcinoma Based on the First Transcriptome-Wide m6A-seq.

To date, only a single transcriptome-wide m6A sequencing study of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has been reported, with no validation so far. Herein, by TCGA analysis of the KIRC cohort (n = 530 ccRCC; n = 72 normal), an external expression validation of 35 preidentified m6A targets was performed. Further in-depth expression stratification enabled assessment of m6A-driven key targets. Overall survival (OS) analysis and gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) were conducted to assess their clinical and functional impact on ccRCC. In the hyper-up cluster significant upregulation was confirmed for NDUFA4L2, NXPH4, SAA1, and PLOD2 (40%) and in the hypo-up cluster for FCHSD1 (10%). Significant downregulation was observed for UMOD, ANK3, and CNTFR (27.3%) in the hypo-down cluster and for CHDH (25%) in the hyper-down cluster. In-depth expression stratification showed consistent dysregulation in ccRCC only for 11.67%: NDUFA4L2, NXPH4, and UMOD (NNU-panel). Patients with strong NNU panel dysregulation had significantly poorer OS (p = 0.0075). GSEA identified 13 associated and significantly upregulated gene sets (all p-values < 0.5; FDR < 0.25). External validation of the only available m6A sequencing in ccRCC consistently reduced dysregulated m6A-driven targets on the NNU panel with highly significant effects on OS. Epitranscriptomics are a promising target for developing novel therapies and for identifying prognostic markers for daily clinical practice.

Perinephric Toxic Fat: Impact on Surgical Complexity, Perioperative Outcome, and Surgical Approach in Partial Nephrectomy.

INTRODUCTION: To assess influencing factors on perinephric toxic fat (high Mayo Adhesive Probability [MAP] score) and the impact of high MAP scores on surgical complexity, perioperative outcome, and surgical approach in patients with localized renal tumors undergoing open (OPN) and robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN). METHODS: 698 patients were included in this study. Based on preoperative imaging, adherent perinephric fat (APF) was assessed to define MAP scores. Regression analyses assessed influencing parameters for high MAP scores (≥3), predictors of surgical outcome, and influencing factors on surgical approach. RESULTS: OPN was performed in 331 (47%) patients, and 367 (53%) patients underwent RAPN. Male gender (p < 0.001), age ≥65 (p < 0.001), and BMI ≥27.4 kg/m2 (p < 0.001) showed to be significantly influencing factors for the presence of APF. High MAP scores showed to be an influencing factor for a prolonged surgery duration (OR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.22-2.31, p = 0.002) and a significant predictor to rather undergo OPN than RAPN (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.05-2.15, p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Older, male patients with high BMI scores have a higher risk for APF. The presence of APF increases surgery time and may have an impact on decision making regarding the preferred surgical approach.

Integrin Expression in Localized Prostate Cancer: A TCGA and MSKCC Cohort-based Exploratory In Silico Analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in localized prostate cancer (PC) are insufficient. Treatment stratification relies on prostate-specific antigen, clinical tumor staging and International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grading, whereas molecular profiling remains unused. Integrins (ITG) have an important function in bidirectional signaling and are associated with progression, proliferation, perineural invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, neuroendocrine differentiation, and a more aggressive disease phenotype in PC. However, ITG subunit expression in localized PC and their utility as prognostic biomarkers has not yet been analyzed. This study aimed to fill this gap and provide a comprehensive overview of ITG expression as well as ITG utility as biomarkers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) prostate adenocarcinoma cohorts were analyzed regarding ITG expression in correlation to ISUP, N- and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage and were correlated with disease-free survival (DFS). Statistical tests used included the Mann-Whitney U-test, logrank test and uni- and multivariable cox regression analyses. RESULTS: After grouping for ISUP (1 and 2 vs. 3-5), N0 vs. N1 and AJCC stage (≤2 vs. ≥3), multiple ITGs showed significant expression differences. The most consistent results were observed for ITGα4, ITGαX, ITGα11, ITGß2 and ITGα2. In multivariable cox regression, ITGα2, ITGα10, ITGαD, ITGαB2 (TCGA), ITGα11 and ITGß4 (MSKCC) were independent predictors of DFS. CONCLUSION: The utility of ITGs as PC biomarkers was herein shown.

Systemic inflammatory biomarkers as predictive and prognostic factors in men with metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer treated with docetaxel therapy: a comprehensive analysis in a German real-world cohort.

PURPOSE: Advances in therapy of metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer (mCRPC) resulted in more therapeutic options and led to a higher need of predictive/prognostic biomarkers. Systemic inflammatory biomarkers could provide the basis for personalized treatment selection. This study aimed to assess the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), the neutrophile-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in men with mCRPC under docetaxel. METHODS: Patients with mCRPC and taxane chemotherapy at a tertiary care centre between 2010 and 2019 were screened retrospectively. The biomarkers mGPS, NLR, PLR and SII were assessed and analyzed for biochemical/radiologic response and survival. RESULTS: We included 118 patients. Of these, 73 (61.9%) had received docetaxel as first-line, 31 (26.2%) as second-line and 14 (11.9%) as third-line treatment. For biochemical response, mGPS (odds ratio (OR) 0.54, p = 0.04) and PLR (OR 0.63, p = 0.04) were independent predictors in multivariable analysis. SII was significant in first-line cohort only (OR 0.29, p = 0.02). No inflammatory marker was predictive for radiologic response. In multivariable analysis, mGPS and NLR (hazard ratio (HR) 1.71 and 1.12, both p < 0.01) showed significant association with OS in total cohort and mGPS in the first-line cohort (HR 2.23, p < 0.01). Haemoglobin (Hb) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) showed several significant associations regarding 1 year, 3 year, OS and biochemical/radiologic response. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-treatment mGPS seems a promising prognostic biomarker. A combination of mGPS, NLR and further routine markers (e.g., Hb and AP) could yield optimized stratification for treatment selection. Further prospective and multicentric assessment is needed.

Patient Compliance in Assessing Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome Measures after Urologic Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess patient compliance with a newly established electronic patient-reported outcome measure (ePROM) system after urologic surgery and to identify influencing factors. METHODS: Digital surveys were provided to patients undergoing cystectomy, radical or partial nephrectomy, or transurethral resection of bladder tumor via a newly established ePROM system. Participants received a baseline survey preoperatively and several follow-up surveys postoperatively. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to identify factors predicting compliance. RESULTS: Of N = 435 eligible patients, n = 338 completed the baseline survey (78.0%). Patients who did not participate were significantly more likely male (p = 0.004) and older than 70 years (p = 0.005). Overall, 206/337 patients (61.3%) completed the survey at 1-month, 167/312 (53.5%) at 3-month, and 142/276 (51.4%) at 6-month follow-up. Lower baseline quality of life (odds ratio: 2.27; p = 0.004) was a significant predictor for dropout at 1-month follow-up. Low educational level was significantly associated with low compliance at 3- (OR: 1.92; p = 0.01) and 6-month follow-up (OR: 2.88; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Acceptable compliance rates can be achieved with ePROMs following urologic surgery. Several factors influence compliance and should be considered when setting-up ePROM surveys.

Changes in neutrophile-to-lymphocyte ratio as predictive and prognostic biomarker in metastatic prostate cancer treated with taxane-based chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the predictive and prognostic value of changes in longitudinal neutrophile-to-lymphocyte (NLR) ratios in men receiving taxane-based chemotherapy for metastatic prostate cancer (PC). METHODS: Retrospective, unicentric cohort study of patients treated with either docetaxel for metastatic hormone-sensitive PC (mHSPC) or docetaxel or cabazitaxel for metastatic castration-refractory PC (mCRPC) at a tertiary referral hospital between 2010 and 2019. NLR ratios were calculated for each cycle. Next, slopes over the first three (NLR3) and over six cycles (NLR6) were calculated and analysed for biochemical/radiologic response and survival. RESULTS: A total of 36 mHSPC (docetaxel), 118 mCRPC (docetaxel) and 38 mCRPC (cabazitaxel) patients were included. NLR3 was significantly associated with 1-year-survival, radiographic and biochemical response in mCRPC (docetaxel) in uni- and multivariable analyses. In mCRPC (docetaxel), positive NLR3s were associated with favourable 1-year-survival. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated NLR3 as a prognostic marker in men receiving docetaxel for mCRPC. NLR3 might be a clinical tool to reflect the individual's response to taxane-based chemotherapy. Thereby, NLR3 could complement existing biomarkers and help to early identify treatment failure before complications arise. Further prospective and multicentric studies are needed to extend and confirm the presented results.

Functional Characterization of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells.

Endothelial cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-ECs) provide a new opportunity for mechanistic research on vascular regeneration and drug screening. However, functions of hiPSC-ECs still need to be characterized. The objective of this study was to investigate electrophysiological and functional properties of hiPSC-ECs compared with primary human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMECs), mainly focusing on ion channels and membrane receptor signaling, as well as specific cell functions. HiPSC-ECs were derived from hiPS cells that were generated from human skin fibroblasts of three independent healthy donors. Phenotypic and functional comparison to HCMECs was performed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), tube formation, LDL uptake, exosome release assays and, importantly, patch clamp techniques. HiPSC-ECs were successfully generated from hiPS cells and were identified by endothelial markers. The mRNA levels of KCNN2, KCNN4, KCNMA1, TRPV2, and SLC8A1 in hiPSC-ECs were significantly higher than HCMECs. AT1 receptor mRNA level in hiPSC-ECs was higher than in HCMECs. AT2 receptor mRNA level was the highest among all receptors. Adrenoceptor ADRA2 expression in hiPSC-ECs was lower than in HCMECs, while ADRA1, ADRB1, ADRB2, and G-protein GNA11 and Gai expression were similar in both cell types. The expression level of muscarinic and dopamine receptors CHRM3, DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4 in hiPSC-ECs were significantly lower than in HCMECs. The functional characteristics of endothelial cells, such as tube formation and LDL uptake assay, were not statistically different between hiPSC-ECs and HCMECs. Phenylephrine similarly increased the release of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) in hiPSC-ECs and HCMECs. Acetylcholine also similarly increased nitric oxide generation in hiPSC-ECs and HCMECs. The resting potentials (RPs), ISK1-3, ISK4 and IK1 were similar in hiPSC-ECs and HCMECs. IBK was larger and IKATP was smaller in hiPSC-ECs. In addition, we also noted a higher expression level of exosomes marker CD81 in hiPSC-ECs and a higher expression of CD9 and CD63 in HCMECs. However, the numbers of exosomes extracted from both types of cells did not differ significantly. The study demonstrates that hiPSC-ECs are similar to native endothelial cells in ion channel function and membrane receptor-coupled signaling and physiological cell functions, although some differences exist. This information may be helpful for research using hiPSC-ECs.

Deep learning can predict survival directly from histology in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

For clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) risk-dependent diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms are routinely implemented in clinical practice. Artificial intelligence-based image analysis has the potential to improve outcome prediction and thereby risk stratification. Thus, we investigated whether a convolutional neural network (CNN) can extract relevant image features from a representative hematoxylin and eosin-stained slide to predict 5-year overall survival (5y-OS) in ccRCC. The CNN was trained to predict 5y-OS in a binary manner using slides from TCGA and validated using an independent in-house cohort. Multivariable logistic regression was used to combine of the CNNs prediction and clinicopathological parameters. A mean balanced accuracy of 72.0% (standard deviation [SD] = 7.9%), sensitivity of 72.4% (SD = 10.6%), specificity of 71.7% (SD = 11.9%) and area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) of 0.75 (SD = 0.07) was achieved on the TCGA training set (n = 254 patients / WSIs) using 10-fold cross-validation. On the external validation cohort (n = 99 patients / WSIs), mean accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and AUROC were 65.5% (95%-confidence interval [CI]: 62.9-68.1%), 86.2% (95%-CI: 81.8-90.5%), 44.9% (95%-CI: 40.2-49.6%), and 0.70 (95%-CI: 0.69-0.71). A multivariable model including age, tumor stage and metastasis yielded an AUROC of 0.75 on the TCGA cohort. The inclusion of the CNN-based classification (Odds ratio = 4.86, 95%-CI: 2.70-8.75, p < 0.01) raised the AUROC to 0.81. On the validation cohort, both models showed an AUROC of 0.88. In univariable Cox regression, the CNN showed a hazard ratio of 3.69 (95%-CI: 2.60-5.23, p < 0.01) on TCGA and 2.13 (95%-CI: 0.92-4.94, p = 0.08) on external validation. The results demonstrate that the CNN's image-based prediction of survival is promising and thus this widely applicable technique should be further investigated with the aim of improving existing risk stratification in ccRCC.

C-reactive protein flare predicts response to anti-PD-(L)1 immune checkpoint blockade in metastatic urothelial carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Robust biomarkers to predict response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) are still in demand. Recently, early C-reactive protein (CRP) kinetics and especially the novel CRP flare-response phenomenon has been associated with immunotherapy response. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre observational study comprising 154 patients with mUC treated with ICB to evaluate the predictive value of a previously described on-treatment CRP kinetics: CRP flare responders (at least doubling of baseline CRP within the first month after initiation of ICB followed by a decline below baseline within three months), CRP responders (decline in baseline CRP by ≥ 30% within three months without a prior flare) and the remaining patients as CRP non-responders. CRP kinetics groups were correlated with baseline parameters, PD-L1 status, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Objective response was observed in 57.1% of CRP responders, 45.8% of CRP flare responders and 17.9% of CRP non-responders (P < 0.001). CRP flare response was associated with prolonged PFS and OS (P < 0.001). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, CRP flare responders showed a risk reduction of ∼70% for tumour progression and death compared to CRP non-responders. Subgroup analysis of CRP flare responders revealed that patients with a long-flare response (completed flare-response kinetics ≥6 weeks on-treatment) showed even more favourable outcomes following ICB (HR = 0.18, 95%-CI: 0.07-0.48, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: CRP (flare)response robustly predicts immunotherapy response and outcomes in mUC independent of PD-L1 status. Thus, early on-treatment CRP kinetics is a promising low-cost and easy-to-implement biomarker to optimise therapy monitoring in patients with mUC treated with ICB.

Artificial intelligence to predict oncological outcome directly from hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides in urology.

INTRODUCTION: Artificial intelligence (AI) has been successfully applied for automatic tumor detection and grading in histopathological image analysis in urologic oncology. The aim of this review was to assess the applicability of these approaches in image-based oncological outcome prediction. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic literature search was conducted using the databases MEDLINE through PubMed and Web of Science up to April 20, 2021. Studies investigating AI approaches to determine the risk of recurrence, metastasis, or survival directly from H&E-stained tissue sections in prostate, renal cell or urothelial carcinoma were included. Characteristics of the AI approach and performance metrics were extracted and summarized. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the PROBAST tool. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: 16 studies yielding a total of 6658 patients and reporting on 17 outcome predictions were included. Six studies focused on renal cell, six on prostate and three on urothelial carcinoma while one study investigated renal cell and urothelial carcinoma. Handcrafted feature extraction was used in five, a convolutional neural network (CNN) in six and a deep feature extraction in four studies. One study compared a CNN with handcrafted feature extraction. In seven outcome predictions, a multivariable comparison with clinicopathological parameters was reported. Five of them showed statistically significant hazard ratios for the AI's model's-prediction. However, RoB was high in 15 outcome predictions and unclear in two. CONCLUSIONS: The included studies are promising but predominantly early pilot studies, therefore primarily highlighting the potential of AI approaches. Additional well-designed studies are needed to assess the actual clinical applicability.

Baseline Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) Predicts Radiologic Response and Overall Survival in Metastatic Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer Treated With Docetaxel Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To assess the baseline inflammatory markers modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and neutrophile-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as pragmatic tools for predicting response to chemohormonal therapy (docetaxel plus ADT) and prognosis in men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Male patients who received docetaxel at a tertiary university care center between 2014 and 2019 were screened for completion of 6 cycles. NLR, SII, mGPS, overall survival (OS), three-year survival, and radiologic response were assessed. Complete response (CR), partial response (PR), and stable disease (SD) were analyzed alone and in combination. RESULTS: Thirty-six mHSPC-patients were included. In thirty patients, baseline mGPS was assessed and was either 0 (n=22) or 2 (n=8). In Cochran-Armitage Trend Test, mGPS showed significant association with the combined radiologic endpoint of "CR, PR, or SD" (p=0.01), three-year survival (p=0.02), and OS (p<0.01). Next to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (HR per 100 units 1.16, 95%CI=1.04-1.30, p<0.01), NLR (HR=1.31, 95%CI=1.03-1.66, p=0.03), and mGPS (2 vs. 0, HR=6.53, 95%CI=1.6-27.0, p<0.01) at baseline showed significant association with OS in univariable cox regression. However, mGPS remained the only independent predictor for OS in multivariable cox regression (p<0.01) and for the combined radiologic endpoint of "CR, PR or SD" (p=0.01) in multivariable logistic regression. SII showed no statistical relevance. CONCLUSION: Baseline mGPS seems to be a pragmatic tool for clinical decision-making in patients with mHSPC in daily routine.

[Immunotherapy in urologic oncology : Response and treatment interruptions due to adverse events in a bicentric real-world analysis]. / Immuntherapien in der Uroonkologie : Ansprechen und Therapieunterbrechungen durch Nebenwirkungen in einer bizentrischen Real-world-Analyse.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have been approved in uro-oncology for a few years. Real-world experience regarding benefits and risks with novel side effects are rare. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective analysis, all patients who received ICI therapy due to metastatic renal cell carcinoma (NCC) or urothelial carcinoma (UCA) were enrolled at two maximum care hospitals in Germany between July 2016 and May 2021. Radiologic response, progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events leading to treatment interruption were collected. Oncologic response was compared to randomized controlled trials. RESULTS: In all, 1185 ICI cycles were administered to 145 patients (111 men [77%] and 34 women [23%]): 64 (44.1 %) patients with NCC and 81 (55.9%) patients with UCA received ICI therapy. Of 141 patients with radiological follow-up, an objective response was observed in 21.3% (n = 13) of patients with NCC and 20.0% (n = 16) with UCA (median duration of response 14.9 months [3.0-51.3]). Median PFS was 5.3 months in patients with NCC and 4.8 months with UCA. ICI-associated adverse events requiring treatment interruption were observed in 17.2% patients with NCC and 20.9% with UCA. These were most commonly renal (5.5%: nephritis) and gastrointestinal (4.8%: colitis, diarrhea) adverse events. Hospitalization was required for 22 (15.1%) patients. CONCLUSION: This real-world experience may support patient-centered consultation in treatment decision-making. Further studies on prognostic factors are needed. Therapy interruptions are frequent and the spectrum of side effects requires interdisciplinary treatment.